Walk Essay Example For Students

Walk Essay Dear Friends, this is a little extensive yet valid for our affections for you, dear companions. Louise Redden, an unkempt woman with a look of destruction all over, strolled into a supermarket. She moved toward the proprietor of the store in a most unassuming way and inquired as to whether he would let her charge a couple of staple goods. She delicately clarified that her significant other was extremely sick and incapable to work, they had seven youngsters, and they required food. John Longhouse, the food merchant laughed at her and mentioned that she leave his store. Imagining the family needs, she stated: Please, sir! I will present to you the cash right when I can. We will compose a custom paper on Walk explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now John disclosed to her he was unable to give her credit, as she didn't have a charge account at his store. Remaining next to the counter was a client who caught the discussion between the two. The client strolled forward and told the food merchant that he would stand useful for whatever she required for her family. The food merchant said in an exceptionally hesitant voice, Do you have a basic food item list? Louise answered, Yes sir O. K. he stated, put your basic food item list on the scales and whatever your staple rundown gauges, I will give you that sum in goods. Louise, delayed a second with a bowed head, at that point she ventured into her tote and took out a bit of paper and jotted something on it. She at that point laid the bit of paper on the scale cautiously with her head despite everything bowed. The eyes of the merchant and the client indicated surprise when the scales went down and remained down. The food merchant, gazing at the scales, went gradually to the client and said hesitantly, I can not trust it. The client grinned and the food merchant began putting some staple goods on the opposite side of the scales. The scale didn't adjust so he kept on putting an ever increasing number of staple goods on them until the scales would hold no more. The food merchant remained there in absolute disturb. At long last, he snatched the bit of paper from the scales and took a gander at it with more noteworthy surprise. It was anything but a basic food item show, it was a petition which stated: Dear Lord, you know my Needs and I am leaving this in your grasp. The food merchant gave her some goods that he had assembled and remained in shocked quietness. Louise expressed gratitude toward him and left the store. The client gave a fifty-dollar note to the merchant and stated, It merited each penny of it. Just God Knows how much a supplication gauges. Intensity OF PRAYER: When you get this, state a supplication. That is all you need to do. Simply stop at this moment, and state a supplication for the person who sent this to you. Petition is a standout amongst other unconditional presents we get. There is no expense yet a great deal of remunerations. Recall the five straightforward guidelines to be glad:) No one can return and make a spic and span start. Anybody can begin from now and make a fresh out of the plastic new closure. God didnt guarantee days without torment, giggling without distress, sun without downpour, however He promised quality for the afternoon, comfort for the tears, and light for the way. Disillusionments resemble street knocks, they moderate you down a piece however you appreciate the smooth street a while later. Dont remain on the knocks excessively long. Proceed onward! At the point when you feel down in light of the fact that you didnt get what you need, simply hold on and be upbeat, since God has thought of something better to give you. When something transpires, fortunate or unfortunate, consider what it implies. Theres a reason to lifes occasions, to show you how to snicker more or not to cry too hard You cannot make somebody love you, everything you can do is be somebody who can be cherished, the rest is dependent upon the individual to understand your value. .ude2281ca9527d2711f8833a3a53824b4 , .ude2281ca9527d2711f8833a3a53824b4 .postImageUrl , .ude2281ca9527d2711f8833a3a53824b4 .focused content region { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .ude2281ca9527d2711f8833a3a53824b4 , .ude2281ca9527d2711f8833a3a53824b4:hover , .ude2281ca9527d2711f8833a3a53824b4:visited , .ude2281ca9527d2711f8833a3a53824b4:active { border:0!important; } .ude2281ca9527d2711f8833a3a53824b4 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .ude2281ca9527d2711f8833a3a53824b4 { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; obscurity: 1; change: haziness 250ms; webkit-progress: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .ude2281ca9527d2711f8833a3a53824b4:active , .ude2281ca9527d2711f8833a3a53824b4:hover { murkiness: 1; change: mistiness 250ms; webkit-change: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .ude2281ca9527d2711f8833a3a53824b4 .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relative; } .ude2281ca9527d2711f8833a3a53824b4 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-enhancement: underline; } .ude2281ca9527d2711f8833a3a53824b4 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .ude2281ca9527d2711f8833a3a53824b4 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; fringe sweep: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: intense; line-tallness: 26px; moz-fringe range: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-adornment: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .ude2281ca9527d2711f8833a3a53824b4:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .ude2281ca9527d2711f8833a3a53824b4 . focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .ude2281ca9527d2711f8833a3a53824b4-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .ude2281ca9527d2711f8833a3a53824b4:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Trainers Report Essay Its better to lose your pride to the one you love, than to lose the one you love due to pride. We invest an excess of energy searching for the correct individual to love or criticizing those we as of now love, when rather we ought to consummate the affection we give. Never surrender an old companion. You will never discover one who can have his spot. Kinship resembles wine, it improves as it becomes more established. Bibliography:the book of scriptures. obscure

The Religious Life of Planet Earth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Religious Life of Planet Earth - Essay Example Along these lines, I set rules that helped me decide the devoutness of individuals on planet Earth: their one God, the prophet who fills in as the people’s pioneer, the blessed book which gives individuals otherworldly direction, and sacred texts or lessons that sway people’s qualities and practices. Before I further portray the models which I set up for my strict journey on planet Earth, I trust it is important to try to characterize what religion on planet Earth implies. Alternate points of view offer various meanings of the term â€Å"religion.† In its very pith, religion on Earth represents its people’s relationship with an extraordinary being, or a god, who is accepted to have command over certain parts of living and of the world (Idinopulos, 1998). Individuals call this extraordinary being in an unexpected way: some consider it their â€Å"God,† while others consider it their â€Å"Allah.† Nonetheless, this heavenly being helps individu als in understanding the world and the significance and significance of human presence. This comprehension gives structure and strength inside their general public, and exposits the endeavors and purposes for the mankind (Idinopulos, 1998). ... They further accept that their God controls all types of life on the planet and in this manner can take all these living things back. However much as could reasonably be expected, individuals on the planet try to live legitimately and profoundly to make their God upbeat and fulfilled. What's more, for an organization to be considered as religion there should be a sure character, a prophet as they call it, that fills in as the people’s pioneer. This prophet has powerful capacities and uncommon characters which permit the prophet to address their one God and give direction to the individuals. To put it plainly, the prophet is the emissary of God. Aside from their God and prophet, another normal rule of religions on Earth is the sacred book. Each religion on the planet has a heavenly book that gives direction to humankind to the correct course for salvation that demonstrates the best approach to heaven (Elsaie, n.d.). The heavenly book, furthermore, traces the activities and prac tices which are ethically adequate for the foundation, and plainly sums up the awesome gauges that individuals need to follow. Ultimately, strict gatherings of individuals on Earth include reverential and ceremonial lessons which contain the ethical code overseeing the qualities and conduct of human issues. So as to additionally examine reality behind the standards I set for my strict examination on Earth, I looked further at the three significant strict convictions on Earth dependent on number of followers: Christianity, Islam, and Hinduism (Adherents.com, 2007). On planet Earth, there are around 1.9 billion Christians, or 33% of the world’s whole populace (Adherents.com, 2007). It is accepted to be the biggest religion on earth. Christianity accepts

Treating Sexual Obsession in OCD

Treating Sexual Obsession in OCD OCD Living With OCD Print Sexual Obsessions in OCD By Owen Kelly, PhD Medically reviewed by a board-certified physician Updated on September 10, 2019 Claudia Burlotti / Getty Images More in OCD Living With OCD Causes Symptoms and Diagnosis Treatment Types Related Conditions Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is characterized by compulsions (an uncontrollable impulse to perform an act, often repetitively) and obsessions (the inability to stop thinking about a certain topic or image without anxiety). Within the realm of obsessions, a person with OCD may become fixated on thoughts of violence, aggression, contamination, or even religion?? Among the most troubling, however, are sexual obsessions. Sexual Obsessions and OCD Although a person may experience a wide range of sexual obsessions, common themes involve those that may be considered forbidden, such as: HomosexualitySexual abuse or violenceSexual thoughts about friendsIncestInfidelitySexual sadism or masochismSexual enslavementBeastialityUnderage sexSex and religion as a form of blasphemy The thoughts can occur with or without compulsions, and having such thoughts doesnt mean a person will act upon them. It has been estimated that between six percent and 24 percent of people with OCD will experience some form of sexual obsession. The number may be even higher given that most people are reluctant to share such thoughts. While people tend to identify sexual obsession as a primarily male characteristic, research suggests that men and women with OCD will experience them at more or less at the same rate.?? Sexual obsessions can interfere with intimate relationships, particularly if they co-exist with thoughts of violence, suspicion, or doubt. In some cases, the person with OCD may have obsessive doubts about an intimate partner and become fixated on thoughts or mental images about infidelity. When this happens, rather than looking for the good in a partner, the person with OCD will look for flaws and shortcomings. Sexual Obsessions Are Not Sexual Fantasies Sexual obsessions are not the same thing as sexual fantasies. Whereas sexual fantasies are typically related to pleasure or desire, attainable or not, sexual obsessions are unwanted and distressing thoughts that are typically associated with shame or self-loathing.?? People with OCD will often worry that a forbidden or illegal sexual obsession may one day lead them to act upon those desires, whether it be about pedophilia, rape, or sexual violence. The key psychological difference is that a person with OCD will find the obsession immoral and feel repelled at the thought of acting upon it. This is not necessarily the case with persons who perpetrate rape or pedophilia who, despite knowing the behavior is wrong, typically act upon such thoughts as a pathological form of self-gratification. Sexual obsession in OCD tends not to be delusional (founded untrue thoughts). Rather, it is characterized by contradictions by which a person may experience arousal and self-loathing at the same time and actively avoid situations that are connected to those thoughts, such as:?? Avoiding gyms, public restrooms, or situations that elicit homosexual thoughtsAvoiding schools or playgrounds where children gatherAvoiding hugging or close contact with an object of desire If accompanied by sexual compulsion, a person with OCD may become abnormally preoccupied with pornography and/or masturbation as outlets for unwanted thoughts. How to Treat Sexual Obsessions Mental health professionals trained in OCD will recognize sexual obsession as a symptom of the disorder and, in the absence of any risk factors (such as a conviction for a sexual crime), will help the person understand the nature of the obsession and minimize any fears as to what the thoughts say about the person and/or his or her possible actions.?? If you are experiencing obsessive and unwanted thoughts about sex, it is important to disclose the full nature of the experience, however distressing or embarrassing they may seem. It requires you to trust your mental health provider and understand that the thoughts you share will not only be held in the strictest confidence but be met with an open, non-judgmental attitude. Within the construct of OCD, sexual obsessions are treated in exactly the same way as any other obsession. The treatment may involve a combination of medications to alleviate anxiety and/or depression alongside on-going psychotherapy, typically in the form of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) or exposure and response prevention (ERP) therapy.?? With ERP, exercises may involve the recounting of your sexual obsession on audiotape after which you would listen to the tape over and over until the obsession no longer generates anxiety. A variety of other exposure exercises can be developed depending on the nature of sexual obsession.

To What Extent Did Stalin’s Rule Mar the Key Turning Point...

To what extent did Stalin’s rule mar the key turning point in Russia’s political development 1856-1953? In an historical context, a ‘turning point’ can be categorized as an event o impact caused by an individual that, had it not occurred, would have altered the final outcome of a period of history. In the period of Russian history 1856-1953 there is no doubt there was a huge amount on political change, at the bringing of the period Russia was a state ruled by an autocratic Tsar and by the end it had seen provisional governments, local and national assemblies and a whole variety of rulers, some more autocratic and reactionary than others. Stalin’s period of rule in Russia could be seen as the most brutal rule Russia saw in this period,†¦show more content†¦These purges allowed him to remove any political opponents to himself or the party. He has been judged very harshly but a number of historians, including Steve Phillips judge that ‘enormous human costs of the policy and Stalin’s personal manipulation of policy to his own advantage’5 whe re some of the reasons as to why he is viewed in such a bad light, others see what he did as necessary. Martin McCauley wrote that ‘the future is built on the bones of the past’6 taking a more Marxist view of the long term result being of greater importance than the short term impacts. There are also questions over Stalin’s objectives, as at times they seemed contradictory, ‘economically Stalin was building Socialism, but politically he was destroying it’7. A number of historians contest this and consider Stalin to be a product of his time rather than a genuine key individual, ‘Stalin’s rise to power was not based on human qualities; it resulted from the functioning of an inhuman machine, the bureaucracy’8 . Stalin and Lenin took very different stances; Lenin followed Socialism in one country whilst Stalin wanted international socialism. Stalin was also far more brutal than Lenin. My judgment is that the turning point in this peri od (1916-17) was Lenin dissolving the Constituent Assembly as it was the true rejection ofShow MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesDavid M. Scobey, Empire City: The Making and Meaning of the New York City Landscape Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political Autobiography Allida M. Black, ed., Modern American Queer History Eric Sandweiss, St. Louis: The Evolution of an American Urban Landscape Sam Wineburg, Historical Thinking and Other Unnatural Acts: Charting the Future of Teaching the Past Sharon Hartman Strom, Political Woman: Florence Luscomb and the Legacy of Radical Reform Michael Adas, ed., Agricultural and Pastoral Societies

The Monster in Mary Shelleys Frankenstein Essay - 1205 Words

The Monster in Mary Shelleys Frankenstein There are many ideas as to who the monster really is in Frankenstein and in this essay I will explore who the monster is in the novel. The three main ideas are whether it is Victor, society itself or indeed the monster who is truly evil. Although Victors creation is known as the Monster, by reading the novel it is clear that this isnt the full story. The beginning of chapter 5 is very important in the novel, as this is the chapter in which the Monster is brought to life, and we learn a lot about what the Monster is really like. We see from the word dreary in the first sentence and dismally a few lines down that misery is to come once the†¦show more content†¦He also says how delineate the wretch whom with such infinite pains and care I had endeavoured to form. This quote is useful for two reasons. Firstly it shows his character as a scientist, when he uses the word delineate. This means explain and is used in science. The other reason is that he says with infinite pains and care and this reinforces the point that he has worked very hard on this, and he is now repulsed by it. In the next paragraph he writes I had deprived myself of rest and health which again demonstrates that he has worked incredibly hard, and also acts as a parallel to Captain Walton. In this chapter he sees the beauty of his creation turn into a cat astrophe. This point is proven when he says that the beauty of the dream vanished. He also adds breathless horror and disgust filled my heart. This shows that he is scared and ashamed of what he has done. He describes the Monster as something that even Dante could not have conceived. Dante is the author of the Divine Comedy, in which he describes Hell. By this Victor means the Monster is so bad, he is worse than anything from Hell itself. Chapter 16, and page 130 before it is a turning point because the Monster does nothing wrong, but Felix judges him by his appearance and attacks him. This is what turns the Monster evil. He calls theShow MoreRelated Victor Frankenstein is the Monster in Mary Shelleys Frankenstein566 Words   |  3 PagesVictor Frankenstein is the Monster in Mary Shelleys Frankenstein   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Through out the novel we are under the assumption that the demon in the novel is the man who is disfigured and hideous on the outside. While we view Victor Frankenstein as the handsome and caring victim, even though sometimes a monster cannot be seen but heard. Looks can be deceiving but actions are always true.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  We first view Frankenstein’s ignorance while he is busy in his work. He had not visited his family forRead MoreDr. Frankenstein is the Real Monster in Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein883 Words   |  4 Pagesits limbs,† writes Mary Shelley, describing the moment in which Victor Frankenstein fully identifies his creation. He realizes that this monster could ruin both his life and the lives of many more people. Shortly after this realization, the creator rushes out of the room. What to do now that this creature is alive and ready to do as it pleases? After reading the Mary Shelley novel, ‘Frankenstein’ I will try to answer the question, ‘who is the real monster? Dr. Frankenstein or his creation?’Read MoreThe Reanimated Monster of Mary Shelleys Frankenstein Essay759 Words   |  4 PagesFrankenstein has become a symbol in contemporary society. Upon hearing the name, one might imagine a tall, muscular green man with short black hair, a flat head, and two bolts pierced on both sides of his neck. Although that is the Frankenstein present now, the modern Frankenstein is only an adaptation of Mary Shelley’s original creature. Shelley’s Frankenstein, 1818, is a gothic novel in which she tells the tale of a man creating life. This creation of Victor Frankenstein’s monster eventually hurtRead MoreEssay on The True Monster in Mary Shelleys Frankenstein1301 Words   |  6 Pages Like most horror stories, Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein has a wretched monster who terrorizes and kills his victims with ease. However, the story is not as simple as it seems. One increasingly popular view of the true nature of the creature is one of understanding. This sympathetic view is often strengthened by looking at the upbringing of the creature in the harsh world in which he matures much as a child would. With no friends or even a true father, the creature can be said to be a product of societyRead MoreEssay on The Real Monster in Mary Shelleys Frankenstein2121 Words   |  9 PagesFrankenstein is a classic horror novel, but with a twist of many other genres. Written by Mary Shelley, it was a novel which mixed many exciting elements, such as horror, drama and romance. The story follows a young doctor named Victor Frankenstein, who has an obsession to reincarnate the dead, but his attempts at this fail horribly, and Victor finds himself in deep peril, as the monster stalks him throughout the world. I aim to investigate the issue, however, of who is the true monster inRead More Victor Frankenstein as the Monster in Mary Shelleys Frankenstein626 Words   |  3 PagesWhat is a monster? The word monster causes one to imagine a hideous, deformed or nonhuman creature that appears in horror movies and novels and terrifies everyone in its path. More importantly, however, the creature described generally behaves monstrously, doing things which harm society and acting with little consideration for the feelings and safety of others. Thus, it is the behavior which primarily defines a monster, rather than its physical appearance(Levine 13). Alhough Victor FrankensteinRead MoreVictor Frankenstein as the Monster in Mary Shelleys Frankenstein1924 Words   |  8 PagesIn the novel Frankenstein, by Mary Shelley, Victor Frankenstein is the true monster, not the creature himself. Victor Frankenstein grew up in Geneva. He had a strong interest in reading the works of the ancient and outdated alchemists, and was fascinated by science and the secret of life. One day he decided that he wanted to study further, so Victor actually created a person of his own out of old body parts and strange chemicals. When the creature came to life, he was a hideously ugly beast.Read MoreThe Development and Change of the Monster in Mary Shelleys Frankenstein3845 Words   |  16 PagesChange of the Monster in Mary Shelleys Frankenstein The structure of Frankenstein begins as an epistolary, narrative story by Robert Walton to his sister (Mrs Saville) in England. Walton’s letters tell us that he is exploring, searching for what lies beyond the North Pole and that he longs for fame and glory. Walton and Frankenstein connect in this novel as they both seek and have a thirst for knowledge. For Walton it is his exploration, for Frankenstein it is to discoverRead MoreSympathy For The Monster In Mary Shelleys Frankenstein887 Words   |  4 PagesBrandon Zakrosky Toni J. Weeden English 14 November 2017 The Monster There were several times I had sympathy for the monster in the novel Frankenstein by Mary Shelley. Victor came from a privileged family and decided he wanted to play god, which is when he created the monster. It was selfish of Victor to create the monster and leave without explaining the world it. After reading this essay I think you will also have sympathy for the monster. Sympathy is when you have feelings of pity or sorrow towardsRead MoreThe Monster Inside in Mary Shelleys Frankenstein922 Words   |  4 Pagesunconscious minds that they otherwise would not have noticed themselves. Mary Shelley, an accomplished writer during the Romantic Era of English Literature, is the author of Frankenstein. Victor Frankenstein is a young man with a hunger and passion for knowledge and science. He wants to do what no one has ever done before- create human life all on his own. Victor creates an eight foot tall, grotesquely terrifying monster that after continuous rejection from society, decides to take revenge on

The Inequalities Surrounding Indigenous Health Free Essays

The Inequalities Surrounding Australian Indigenous Health Inequality in health is one of the most controversial topics within Australian Health Care. Inequality in relation to health is defined as being â€Å"differences in health status or in the distribution of health determinants between different population groups† (World Health Organization, 2012). Within Australia inequality affects a wide range of population groups; however Indigenous Australians are most widely affected therefore this paper will focus on how inequality has impacted their health. We will write a custom essay sample on The Inequalities Surrounding Indigenous Health or any similar topic only for you Order Now Research shows that Australia’s Indigenous people suffer from a multitude of social and economic inequalities such as inadequate access to nutritious food and health care, being socially and economically ostracized, cultural barriers, discrimination, inadequate shelter and sanitation, and insufficient education (Commonwealth Grants Commission 2001, p. 58-60; Australian Human Rights Commission 2007), which all contribute to poor health physically, emotionally and spiritually. To gain a better understanding of the ill treatment of this population it is important to review Australian history and the affects on the individual and the community. Throughout history Indigenous Australians have suffered great inequality at the hands of white settlers. In 1788 the British colonialists arrived claiming the continent as their own without respect or consideration for its inhabitants. The inequality suffered by the Indigenous due to this lack of respect was brutal and executed with contempt, such as large scale massacres, assimilation of Indigenous children (known as the stolen generation), the banishment of entire communities, and a loss of land impacting on the hunter gatherer lifestyle etc. Australian Indigenous Health Info Net, 2011). Prior to the arrival of the British, â€Å"Indigenous Australians generally enjoyed better health †¦ than most people living in Europe† (Australian Indigenous Health Info Net, 2011), this could be directly due to the nomadic lifestyle and relatively small clans. According to the Australian Indigenous Health Info Net after the arrival of the British, Indigenous tribes were exposed to a n umber of diseases such as pertussis, small pox, tuberculosis, venereal diseases, measles, scarlet fever and Influenza. Having had no previous exposure to such afflictions Indigenous Australians endured a significant loss of life and their social structure was severely disrupted (2011). Throughout history inaccessibility of conventional health services and insufficient distribution of health frameworks in some Indigenous communities, has inevitably created a disadvantage to be as healthy as non-Indigenous Australians (Australian Human Rights Commission, 2007). Although society has advanced and is now bound by more equitable laws, large numbers of Indigenous Australians as individuals and as communities continue to suffer lower socioeconomic circumstances and health inequalities. This history of inequality, discrimination and overall mistreatment has not only had a prolific impact on the health and socioeconomic status of Indigenous individuals but it has contributed to an increase in detrimental social conditions and a lack of faith in their Non-Indigenous counterparts, the Government and the Australian Health Care System. Isaacs, Pyett, Oakley-Brown, Gruis, and Waples-Crowe (2010) found that â€Å"A general lack of trust in mainstream services by the Indigenous community and previous experiences of racism and discrimination can draw individuals away from these services† (p. 78). VicHealth determines that the disadvantages of financial hardship has a considerable residual influence on health inequalities (2005, p. 1). Low income and financial hardship has commonly been linked with poor housing and hygiene. Disadvantaged Indigenous individuals are more than often sharing their dwellings and overcrowding is not unlikely. Overcrowding generally means that there is an unavoidable spread of disease (Commonwealth Grants Commission, 2001, p. 58-60), placing significant strain on an individual’s financial position, due to higher expenditure outcomes, affecting their ability to seek health treatment. Such strain can increase the individuals stress levels. The Australian Human Rights Commission points out that stress â€Å"can impact on the body’s immune system, circulatory system, and metabolic functions through a variety of hormonal pathways and is associated with a range of health problems, particularly diseases of the circulatory system (2007). Indigenous individuals are strongly identify with their community and work together to heal rather than exclusively. Therefore socio-economic disadvantages, intolerance and health inequalities that affect Indigenous individuals also have an impact on their communities. The introduction to the western/European way of living, loss of ancestral land, intolerance and the economic disadvantages that Indigenous Australians suffer fuels socially related conditions within their communities such as substance abuse, violence, increased degrees of infectious diseases and chronic diseases etc. ulminating in higher mortality rates than non-Indigenous Australians (Duckett Willcox, 2011, p. 34-35). Stephens, Porter, Nettleton and Willis (2006) state that â€Å"infectious disease burden persists for Indigenous communities with high rates of diseases such as tuberculosis, and inequality also exists in the prevalence of chronic disease, including diabetes and heart disease† (p. 2022). Statisti cs show mortality for most age groups of the Indigenous population is twice that of non-indigenous people. The highest rate of mortality of Indigenous people is six times that of non-Indigenous Australians, this mortality is encountered by both males and females aged between 35-44 years of age (Duckett Willcox, 2011, p. 33). Consistency of low socioeconomic position in Indigenous communities is a causality of ill health which exacerbates Indigenous people’s disparity, contributing a continuum of disparity and ill health among generations (VicHealth, 2005, p. 3). These impacts of health inequality for Indigenous Australians on the Australian health system are varied. Hospitals and health services experience a higher influx of Indigenous patients compared to their counterparts (Australian Human Rights Commission, 2007). The Australian Institute of Health and Welfare maintains that the ratio of Indigenous patients in health care settings compared to non-Indigenous is about three to one. Indigenous people present with a plethora of health problems including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, substance and violence related injuries, mental illness etc. (2011). All of these health issues have a deep correlation with inequality. The high rates of patient intakes and health issues surrounding Indigenous people suggests they are not accessing health services and health education that encourages and aids in prevention. As mentioned earlier Isaacs et al (2010) stated that this is a direct impact of fear and trust related to racial discrimination (p. 78). Insufficient education may play a role in the inability to understand what services are available to them. An abundance of health services are available to urban Indigenous communities; however access to services for more remote communities poses much financial difficulty and stress. Financial stress has also impacted the health care system as funding continually needs expansion to support the outcomes of poor health inequalities for this population. In 2006-2007 â€Å"Indigenous health care expenditure accounted for 3. 3% of national expenditure† (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2011). The Australian Institute of Health and Welfare states that this is only slightly higher than what is allocated to services accessed by Non-Indigenous Australians, even though Indigenous people suffer a higher burden of disease (2011). It is evidential that more services are required to create preventative outcomes and to relieve financial burden across the board. Considering Indigenous people generally work as a community rather than as individuals (being that they are clan affiliated) perhaps it would be more beneficial for the community as a whole to address what improvements need to be made to better suit their cultural beliefs. Freemantle, Officer, McAullay and Anderson (2007) acknowledge that Indigenous communities who oversee attainable and adaptable services have consistent, convincing health improvements (p. ). Community leaders should work cohesively with local and state governments to create more holistic approaches toward gaining effective health outcomes. This may mean making the choice to take a leap of faith in the health care system and the government that has primarily been responsible for the mistreatment of Indigenous peoples. In addition the government at a national level is cohesively strategiz ing to improve life for Indigenous people. The Council of Australian Governments (COAG) has agreed upon a strategy developed to ‘Close the Gap’. Closing the Gap is a commitment by all Australian governments to improve the lives of Indigenous Australians, and in particular provide a better future for Indigenous children† (Department of Families, Housing, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs, 2009). State health departments such as VicHealth are also aiming to create improved health equality by enhancing awareness across all sectors, engaging in promotion to decrease health inequalities, establishing schemes that address health inequalities etc. (2005, p. ). Compared to the global community, Australian life expectancy and morbidity rates for Indigenous people have been found to be greater than that of other developed communities such as New Zealand, Canada and the USA (Freemantle et al. 2007, p. 2). The Freemantle et al. research (2007) revealed that Australian Indigenous people had an inferior life expectancy with males living approximately 56 years and females 63 years. In comparison, Canada’s Indigenous males lived approximately 68. 9 years and females 76. 6 years. In addition, the discrepancy in life expectancy between Australia’s Indigenous population and their non-Indigenous counterparts is marginally greater than that of other developed nations, with non-Indigenous Australians life expectancy at 76. 6 years for males and 82 years for females. In relation to morbidity, compared to the USA Australian Indigenous people experience an increased rate of illness such as diabetes at 85. 4, while the American Indigenous people only experience a rate of diabetes at 36. 2 (p. 26-28). It is evidential that Australian Indigenous populations suffer higher rates of health inequalities compared to other developed countries; this may be proof that Australia is not doing enough to bridge the gap. However it must be acknowledged that underdeveloped nations experience much lower rates of life expectancy and greater rates of illness, than developed nations. In conclusion it is suffice to say that since white settlement, Indigenous Australians as individuals and communities have suffered great health inequalities, due to racial discrimination and low socio-economic disadvantages. Although the Australian government and the health care systems are working towards amending these health inequalities, working cohesively with Indigenous communities will increase positive outcomes. Evidence shows that more effective action needs to be committed to and enforced. References Australian Government. (2001). Commonwealth grants commission: Indigenous funding inquiry. Retrieved March 26th, 2012, from www. cgc. gov. au/publications2/other_inquiries2/indigenous_funding_inquiry2/reports_and_other_documents/indigenous_funding_inquiry_-_final_report Australian Human Rights Commission. (2007, April 29-30). Social determinants and the health of Indigenous peoples in Australia: A human rights based approach. Retrieved March 26th, 2012, from www. hreoc. gov. au/about/media/speeches/social_justice/2007/social_determinants_n_the_health_of_indig_peoples. html Australian Indigenous Health Info Net. (2011). The context of Indigenous health. Retrieved March 23rd, 2012, from http://www. healthinfonet. ecu. edu. au/health-facts/overviews/the-context-of-indigenous-health Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2011). The health and welfare of Australia’s Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. How to cite The Inequalities Surrounding Indigenous Health, Papers

Supermarkets in UK Essay Example

Supermarkets in UK Paper The normal way to buy food has changed dramatically over the last half century, with the small independent shops such as butchers, greengrocers, fishmongers and bakers which dominated the High Street in the 1950s disappearing and being replaced by the ubiquitous supermarket. Today, 60% of British shoppers purchase most of their groceries in one weekly shop. The growth of the sector over the last fifty years has been remarkable. In 1950 the multiple supermarkets represented just 20% of the food retail market. By 1961 this had risen to 27%; by 1971 to 44%. As the trend continued, a generation has grown up relying on the convenience and choice of supermarket food. Of course some independent retailers went out of business, but the consumer is king and consumers felt that the price was worth paying. But the price tag got higher. Between 1997 and 2002 more than 13,000 specialist stores around the UK including newsagents, Post Offices, grocers, bakers, butchers closed, unable to cope with the competition from the multiples. A recent study by the Institute of Grocery Distribution revealed that 2,157 independent shops went out of business or became part of a larger company in 2004, compared with a previous annual average of around 300 a year. Traffic congestion rocketed as more large stores were constructed out of town. Tales abounded of the negative impacts of low supermarket prices on farmers and food processors, whether the UK or abroad. By 2005 a mere 8% of food was purchased from the independent sector. Tesco and other supermarkets claim that their growth is occurring purely in response to the desire of consumers. Market structure We will write a custom essay sample on Supermarkets in UK specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Supermarkets in UK specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Supermarkets in UK specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The UK supermarket industry is led by the `big four (Times Online, 2009), Tesco, Asda, Sainsburys and Morrisons. Thus it can be defined as an oligopoly. In the 12 weeks to 29th November 2009 these four competitors accounted for 75.6% of UK consumer spending on groceries. The market average increase in sales over this period was 4.4%. Tesco hold an actual monopoly over the industry, with 30.7% market share. The industry is currently worth à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½146.3bn and is predicted to grow to à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½175.9bn by 2014 according to UK Grocery Retail Outlook 2009 Repositioning for Growth Market share The market in which Tesco operates is supermarkets. Although this is a highly competitive one Tesco holds a disproportionate amount of power. The figures below indicate that Tesco holds over a third of the market share, and even double the amount of Asdas market share, the second leading supermarket. Market share is the percentage or proportion of the total available market or market segment that is being serviced by a company (Wikipedia 2006). Bargaining Power of suppliers Supplier power is an important part of the Porters five forces model. Implications for Tesco are many. Supplier power is wielded by suppliers demanding that retailers pay a certain price for their goods. If retailers dont pay the price, they dont get the goods to sell. But large supermarkets, like Tesco, have an overwhelming advantage over the small shopkeeper-they can dictate the price they pay the supplier. If the supplier does not reduce the price, they will be left with a much smaller market for their produce. Bargaining power of buyers Buyer power also acts to force prices down. If beans are too expensive in Tesco, buyers will exercise their power and move to Sainsbury. Fortunately for Tesco, there are few other large supermarket companies. This means the market is disciplined the supermarkets have a disciplined approach to price setting. Discipline stops them destroying each other in a profit war. Threat of new entrants Tesco, Asda, Sainsbury and other supermarket chains put up considerable barriers to entry. For instance, Tesco may have cornered the market for certain goods; the new supermarket will not be able to find cheap, reliable suppliers. Tesco also has the advantage of economies of scale. Thus, barriers to entry as well as the possibility of sunk costs will help restrict the level of new entrants. Threat of substitutes Its more difficult for Asda to try to raise prices and make greater profits if there are close substitutes available at Tesco But, in some cases, customers may be reluctant to switch to another product even if it offers an advantage. Customers may consider it inconvenient or even risky to change if they are accustomed to using a certain product in a certain way, or they are used to the way certain services are delivered. Competitive rivalry Classical economics predicts that rivalry between companies should drive profits to zero. This is partly down to the threat of substitutes. For instance, Tesco has competition from companies like Sainsbury that can provide substitutes for their goods. This drives the prices of groceries down in both companies. Monopsony issues There has been growing concern over the monopsony power of the big four supermarket chains: Tesco, Asda, Morrisons and Sainsbury. Technically, none is a monopsonist because none is the sole buyer of a particular category of products. Tesco, for example, is not the sole buyer of soap powders or frozen chicken. However because of their size, the big four supermarket chains enjoy much greater buying power than smaller buyers. The OFT has investigated the grocery market on several occasions over the last decade. Researchers asked suppliers for their opinion on the level of negotiating power they felt they had with different retail customers. Their responses showed that they felt they had less bargaining power with the Big Four than with smaller chains and groceries. Supermarket chains argue that they provide value for money to their customers through the efficiency of their operations. Some evidence suggests that the supermarkets do not always pass on cuts in supplier prices. Controversially, between 201 and 2003 when many UK dairy farmers were either barely profitable or making losses, prices paid to them dropped when supermarket milk prices were still rising: Illustration of monopsonistic power in the UK retailing industry Summary of the Big Fours competitiveness The Big Four (Tesco, Asda, Sainsburys and Morrisons) have gained a combined market share of 75.9% by pursuing a hybrid low price strategy with perceived benefits. In recent years Sainsburys has moved towards a differentiation strategy by focusing on quality and has implemented a higher pricing structure. These competitors have diversified their product offering and sell a variety of non-food goods including, financial services, clothing, electrical goods, and DIY products. All four possess huge buying power and high economies of scale. Each has invested in own label brands, which have risen in demand during the recession. All four have prime store locations in out of town and inner city locations. Tesco have over 2,000 UK stores. Tesco have developed a number of store formats including Tesco Express, Extra and Metro. This allows Tesco not only to compete in the convenience market but also get around the rules imposed by the Competition Commission, restricting the number of stores Tesco is allowed to have in one area. In October 2009 the Competition Commission recommended the introduction of new tests that would make UK expansion more difficult for Tesco .This may prove problematic as Tescos like-for-like sales slowed in 2009 and profit increases are driven by new store openings. Asda Relocation to larger, out-of-town sites in the 1980s gave many supermarkets the additional space required for extending their non-food offering. Asda in particular, focuses on non-food sales, because its 400 stores are generally much bigger than its competitors. Some of Asdas non-food brands have been phenomenally successful the George clothing brand has helped the chains clothing sales to outstrip those of Marks Spencer. Asda is currently the only UK supermarket offering the facility to purchase clothing online, in addition to groceries and other non-food items. Asda does not offer a loyalty scheme and claims to invest in a strategy of everyday low pricing. Asda expanded into the South in 1989 by buying out Gateway superstores. Asda became a subsidiary of Wal-Mart (the worlds largest retailer) in 1999 and hence enjoys huge buying power. Sainsburys 830 UK stores are mainly located in affluent areas. Sainsburys have diversified from their superstore format into convenience stores (Sainsburys Local). Sainsburys is the only competitor within the top four that has the strategy of quality goods for a fair price. The other three are positioned as low price supermarkets. Sainsburys hope to double the customer base of its larger stores within five years by expanding its non-food range (TU clothing range is very successful) and branching out into the North of England and Scotland Morrisons have 420 UK stores and three distinct brand values: Fresh, Value and Service. These values provide the flexibility to react to market changes and consumer trends. Morrisons aim to offer more freshly prepared food than any other retailer and have more staff preparing food than any other supermarket. The retailer grew in strength and expanded into the South of England following the acquisition of Safeway in 2004. Unlike its closest rivals Morrisons decided not to enter the convenience store sector. Vertical integration is key to the retailers success; Morrisons own their factories, production facilities and distribution network. With these facilities Morrisons can get food to stores faster so that its fresher. Morrisons have invested heavily in training and their staff is highly skilled and know their trade. Level of contestability A contestable market occurs when there is freedom of entry and exit into the market. Thus there will be low levels of sunk costs. Thus, when considering the contestability of supermarkets it is important to consider the following points: Barriers to Entry Barriers to entry in the supermarket industry are obviously extremely high, due to the massive market share held by the four main UK supermarkets. Small food retailers can be assisted in their growth by the government, with incentives such as tax relief and grants. Economies of scale are the second important barrier to entry. In addition to the usual one, the UK grocery retail market has a special economy of scale arising from the substantial bargaining power which retailers enjoy over their suppliers, the manufactures of food and grocery product. Updating earlier analysis, it has been observed that the European new contracts, Aldi and Netto have some ability to defeat this barrier. Aldi enjoys a buying-power derived economy of scale advantage in the European countries in which it has a large market share. The third major barrier to entry, the shortage of unexploited store sites, is again one that European discounters may be able to penetrate. A preliminary analysis would suggest that the UK market should be a difficult prospect for a new entrant. Unexploited superstore sites are running out. Mintel 91 has an estimated saturation point for superstores in the UK at about 800, only around 150 more than the present total. Furthermore, a barrier of entry may present itself in the sheer amount of land that a store owns; in the case of Tesco which limits the amount of new entrants into the UK market Sunk Costs If Sunk costs are high this makes it difficult for new firms to enter and leave the market. Therefore it will be less contestable. In the supermarket industry, spending on advertising are an example of costs that cannot be recovered when the firm exits the market. High sunk costs are a constraint on the level of contestability. Level of advertising and brand loyalty If an established firm has significant brand loyalty such as Tesco, then it will be difficult for a new firm to enter the market. This is because they would have to spend a lot of money on advertising, a sunk cost, which as explained above reduces the level of contestability in a market Levels of Profit If a firm is making very high profit, this is an indication that the market is not contestable, because hit and run competition should enable new firms to enter and reduce the profitability. Each of the Big Four have seen their profit margins expand while Tesco and Asda have enjoyed abnormal profits continuously Pricing and non-pricing strategies The following section discusses how each firm operates in the competitive environment of the retail grocery industry. Tesco battles by expanding market demand, increasing market share and defending market share with strategies such as flank, pre-emptive or mobile. In return the main competitors Asda and Sainsburys are attacking the market leader by using offensive strategies such as frontal, flank or bypass, in order to gain market share. Tescos understanding of its customers as well as its strong defensive marketing strategies against competitors assure them the leading position in the market. The vast majority of both marketers and practitioners frame a stores pricing decision as a choice between every day low prices or deep but temporary discounts, labeling the first strategy EDLP and the second PROMO. The kinked demand curve theory shows us that firms would lose out if they changed their prices relative to other major players i.e. if the firm increases its price, it will lose out on market share due to an asymmetric response from other competitors. If he firm reduces its price, other competitors would lower their prices too so that very little extra demand would be generated. Successful implementation of EDLP may involve offering a deeper and narrower product line than PROMO, allowing firms to exploit scale economies (in particular categories), reduce their inventory carrying costs, and lower their advertising expenses. Article by Retail Week as at 21 February 2005: Tesco shows no signs of letting up its position of dominance in the UK grocery sector, according to the latest market share figures from Taylor Nelson Sofres. Other EDLP players, such as Asda and Morrisons, also enjoyed solid growth, but Sainsburys and Safeways share dropped. Tescos market share rose by 0.7 percentage points to 26 per cent year-on-year for the 12 weeks to February 2. Asdas share increased by 0.6 percentage points to 16.7 per cent for the same period, while Morrisons share rose by 0.1 percentage points to 6 per cent. In practice, firms can choose a mixture of EDLP and PROMO, varying either the number of categories they put on sale or changing the frequency of sales across some or all categories of products. Not surprisingly, practitioners have coined a term for these practices, hybrid pricing. What constitutes HYBRID pricing is necessarily subjective, depending on an individuals own beliefs regarding how much price variation constitutes a departure from pure EDLP. Because of the price rigidity, supermarkets have resorted to non pricing strategies as a means of capturing market share. Examples of non pricing strategy may include:   Traditional advertising / marketing   Store Loyalty cards   Banking and other Services (including travel insurance)   In-store chemists and post offices   Home delivery systems   Discounted petrol at hypermarkets   Extension of opening hours (24 hour shopping)   Innovative use of technology for shoppers including self-scanning and internet shopping services Legal issues concerning public interest As with any large corporation, the supermarket chain has been involved in lawsuits, usually from claims of personal injury from customers, claims of unfair dismissal from staff, and other commercial matters. Two notable cases were Ward v Tesco Stores Ltd, which set a precedent in so-called trip and slip injury claims against retailers, and Tesco Supermarkets Ltd v Nattrass, which reached the House of Lords and became a leading case regarding the corporate liability of businesses for failures of their store managers (in a case of misleading advertising). Criticism of Tesco includes disapproval of the effects supermarket chains can have on farmers, suppliers and smaller competitors; along with claims of generally poor labour relations with its staff concerning sick leave regulations. Accusations concerning using cheap and/or child labour in Bangladesh amongst other places have also arisen from Sainsbury. Asda and Sainsbury are among companies that have agreed to pay near record fines of 116 million after admitting they fixed the price of milk, cheese and butter between 2002 and 2003. The supermarkets claimed they joined forces to help raise the price of milk to farmers who were suffering badly from falling milk prices and the after effects of an outbreak of foot and mouth disease. In contrast, consumers had to pay an extra 3p for milk and 15p extra for a pound of butter. The total cost to consumers form the higher prices was 270 million. Tesco, Sainsburys and Asda, as well as Imperial Tobacco and Gallaher, were among those accused of increasing profits illegally by the Office of Fair Trading (OFT). Cigarette brands at the centre of the investigation include Embassy, John Player Special, Lambert Butler, Benson Hedges and Silk Cut. Tesco has been heavily criticized by the media in both the UK and Ireland among other places over its comparatively more ruthless and harsh business tactics compared to its rivals, all of whom stand charged, like Tesco, of bullying farmers to lower their prices to unsustainable levels. Waitrose was the only major supermarket to come out of this accusation relatively unscathed. Tesco has been subject to several claims of apparently out-of-date food being back-labeled to appear to still be in date, poor cafà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ hygiene and a staff member contracting legionnaires disease in the Wrexham store. Tesco has been involved in the areas of employment law, personal injury, intellectual property disputes, and taxation amongst others.